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architectural works Also referred
to as built works and the built environment;
structures or parts of structures that were made by
human beings; the term is typically reserved for structures
that are large enough for human beings to enter, are
of practical use, and are relatively stable and permanent.
art works Visual arts that are of
the type collected by art museums; CCO deals with cultural
works, which include art works and other works.
associative relationship A relationship
in a thesaurus, namely the relationship between concepts
that are closely related conceptually, but the relationship
is not hierarchical because it is not whole-part or
genus-species. See also equivalence relationship
and hierarchical relationship.
authority A source of standardized
forms of terms. Should include references from the variant
forms to the preferred form.
authority file A file, typically
electronic, containing Authority Records.
cataloger In the context of CCO,
the person who records information in the Work or Image
Record. See also end user.
cataloging In the context of CCO,
the compilation of information by systematically describing
the works and images in a collection.
cataloging tool In the context of
CCO, a type of system that focuses on content description
and labeling output (for example, slide labels or wall
labels), often part of a more complex collection management
system.
classification In the context of
CCO, the systematic categorization of works in categories
according to established criteria.
collection In the context of the
cataloging levels discussed in CCO, multiple items that
are conceptually or physically arranged together for
the purpose of cataloging or retrieval. See also
item, group, volume, series,
set, and component. In a broader sense,
typically plural (collections), the holdings
of a given museum or other repository.
collection management system (CMS) In
the context of museum and special collections cataloging,
a type of database system that allows an institution
to control various aspects of its collections, including
acquisitions, loans, and conservation.
component A part of a larger item.
A component differs from an item in that the item can
stand alone as an independent work but the component
typically cannot or does not stand alone (for example,
a panel of an intact polyptych, an architectural component).
See also item, group, volume,
collection, series, and set.
controlled fields In the context
of CCO, fields in a record that are specially
formatted and often linked to controlled vocabularies
(authorities) or controlled lists to allow for successful
retrieval. See also indexing.
controlled list A simple list of
terms used to control terminology. In a well-constructed
controlled list, the following should be true: each
term must be unique; terms should all be members of
the same class; terms should not be overlapping in meaning;
terms should be equal in granularity-specificity; and
terms should be arranged alphabetically or in another
logical order. A type of controlled vocabulary.
controlled vocabulary An organized
arrangement of words and phrases that are used to index
content or to retrieve content through navigation or
searching, or both; typically a vocabulary that includes
preferred terms and has a limited scope or describes
a specific domain.
core elements In the context of
CCO, the set of metadata elements representing the fundamental
or most important information required for a minimal
description of a work or image.
cultural works In the context of
CCO, art and architectural works, and other artifacts
of cultural significance, including both physical objects
and performance art.
database A structured set of data
held in computer storage, especially one that incorporates
software to make it accessible in a variety of ways.
data content In the context of CCO,
the organization and formatting of the words or terms
that form the data values.
data elements The specific items
or types of information that are collected and aggregated
in a database.
data structure A given organization
of data, particularly the data elements combined
with specific, defined links.
data values In the context of CCO,
the terms, words, or numbers used to fill in fields
in a Work or Image Record.
descriptive metadata In the context
of CCO, data intended to describe and identify cultural
works and images.
digital asset management (DAM) tool A
type of system for organizing digital media assets for
storage and retrieval. Digital asset management tools
sometimes incorporate a descriptive cataloging component,
but they tend to focus on managing workflow for creating
digital assets (for example, digital images, audio clips)
and managing rights and permissions.
display fields In the context of
CCO, showing data in natural language that is easily
read and understood by users and can convey nuance and
ambiguity. Display information may in some cases be
concatenated from controlled fields; in other cases,
this information is best recorded manually in free-text
display fields.
end user In the context of CCO,
the client or patron who retrieves, views, and uses
the data compiled by the museum, other repository, or
visual resources collection. See also cataloger
and user.
equivalence relationship A relationship
in a thesaurus, namely the relationship between
synonymous terms or names for the same concept, typically
distinguishing preferred terms (descriptors) and nonpreferred
terms (variants). See also associative relationship
and hierarchical relationship.
exhaustivity In the context of CCO,
the degree of depth and breadth that the cataloger uses
in description. See also specificity.
field A discrete unit of information.
In the context of CCO, often used to denote an area
(often mapping to a metadata element in a metadata element
set) in the user interface of a system where information
is displayed or the cataloger can enter information.
In this context, field is not necessarily equivalent
to a database field, which is a placeholder for a set
of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit
of information in a database, forming one of the searchable
items in a database.
free-text field A field that contains
data that may be entered without any formal or system-defined
structure, typically allowing the cataloger free
use of grammar and punctuation.
group In the context of the cataloging
levels of works or images discussed in CCO, an archival
group (or record group), which is an aggregate of items
that share a common provenance. See also item,
volume, collection, series, set,
and component.
guidelines A set of statements or
other indication of policy or procedure by which a course
of action may be determined. See also rules.
hierarchical relationship A relationship
in a thesaurus, namely one of the broader and
narrower (parent-child) relationships between two entities,
either whole-part or genus-species. See also
whole-part relationship.
image In the context of CCO (sometimes
capitalized), a visual representation of a work, typically
existing in photomechanical, photographic, or digital
format. In a typical visual resources collection, an
image is a slide, photograph, or digital file. See
also work.
indexing In the context of CCO,
the process of evaluating information and creating indexing
terms with controlled vocabulary that will aid end users
in finding and accessing the Work or Image Record. Refers
to indexing done by human labor, not to the automatic
parsing of data into a data index, which is used by
a system to speed up search and retrieval.
item An individual object or work.
See also group, volume, collection,
series, set, and component.
link In the context of CCO, a relationship
between two works, a work and an image, or a work or
image and an authority; not the same thing as a hypertext
link.
metadata Broadly, "data about data,"
but in practice, a structured set of descriptive elements
used to describe a definable entity. This data may include
one or more pieces of information, which can exist as
separate physical forms. In the context of CCO, it includes
data associated with an information object for purposes
of description of a cultural work or associated entity,
administration, legal requirements, technical functionality,
use and usage, or preservation.
minimal description In the context
of CCO, a record containing the minimum amount
of information in the minimum number of fields or metadata
elements.
online catalog A type of system
end users access to search for and view data and images.
In the context of CCO, one produced by a museum or other
repository, or representing a consolidated collection
from several institutions.
polyhierarchical relationships Hierarchical
relationships in which each child record may be
linked to multiple parent records.
preferred name/preferred term When
discussing authority files or links to authorities in
the context of CCO, the name flagged to represent a
given concept, person, or place in a given situation
(for example, for display in the Work Record). An Authority
Record may have more than one name flagged as preferred
for use in various situations. For example, one name
may be in inverted order and flagged as preferred
indexing name while another may be in natural order
and flagged as preferred display name.
record Or catalog record;
in the context of CCO, a conceptual arrangement of fields
referring to a work or image; not the same thing as
a database record, which is one row in a database table
or another set of related, contiguous data.
related works In the context of
CCO, works that have an important conceptual relationship
to each other.
relational database A database
that organizes data into related rows and columns as
specified by a given relational model in which various
relationships are defined.
relationship A link between two
data sets, or, more generally, any association, linkage,
or connection between two entities of the same or different
types in a system or network. See also link.
rules A set of authoritative, prescribed
directions for conduct. See also guidelines.
series In the context of CCO, a
number of works that were created in temporal succession
by the same artist or studio and intended by the creator
or creators to be seen together or in succession as
a cycle. See also item, group,
volume, collection, set, and component.
set An assembly of items that the
creator intended to be together (for example, a tea
set, a desk set, a pair of terrestrial and celestial
globes). A set differs from a collection in that it
is typically smaller and was intended by the creator
to be grouped together. See also item,
group, volume, collection, series,
and component.
specificity In the context of CCO,
the degree of precision or granularity used in description.
See also exhaustivity.
standard A practice (for example,
a set of rules) or a product (for example, a
vocabulary resource) that is widely recognized or employed
as an authoritative or recognized exemplar of correctness
or best practice.
subject headings Words or phrases
used to describe the content of a work. Pre-coordination
of terminology is a characteristic of subject headings,
meaning that they combine several unique concepts together
in a string. A type of controlled vocabulary.
synonym ring A set of terms that
are considered equivalent.
system Or computer system;
a number of interrelated hardware and software components
that work together to store and convert data into information
by using electronic processing. Within the context of
CCO, typically refers to cataloging tools, collection
management systems, presentation tools, and digital
asset management tools. See also database.
taxonomy An orderly classification
for a defined domain. A type of controlled vocabulary.
thesaurus A semantic network of
unique concepts, including relationships between synonyms,
broader and narrower contexts, and other related concepts.
Thesauri may be monolingual or multilingual. A type
of controlled vocabulary.
user In the context of CCO, any
person who uses the CCO guide or a computer system.
See also cataloger, end user.
volume Sheets of paper, vellum,
papyrus, or another material that are bound together.
Volumes may include printed books, manuscripts, sketchbooks,
or albums. See also item, group,
collection, series, set, and component.
whole-part relationship A relationship
between a larger entity and a part or component. In
the context of CCO, typically a relationship between
two Work Records or two records in an authority (in
which case the relationship occurs in a thesaurus).
See also hierarchical relationship.
work In the context of CCO (sometimes
capitalized), a creative product, including architecture,
art works such as paintings, drawings, graphic arts,
sculpture, decorative arts, photographs that are considered
to be art, and other cultural artifacts. A work may
be a single item or it may be made up of many physical
parts. See also image.
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